Tech Advances Aim to Tame the Risky
Business of Slope Stability
Pit slope design has always been a quintessential risk-vs.-reward endeavor.
The latest geotechnical products and services offer the prospect of reducing risk
while maximizing economic return.
By Russell A. Carter, Contributing Editor
This, of course, is an oversimplification of a fundamental and complex topic. Regardless of the title on the office door, an “unplanned rock movement” event raises alarms at every level. In a business environment in which equipment is getting more expensive every day, workforce safety and availability are paramount issues and investor interest can evaporate overnight after bad news, an effective slope stability planning strategy is simply table stakes for entry into the realm of responsible mine management.
It’s an area dominated by measurements and math – risk calculations, 2D/3D analysis techniques and economic estimates, to name just a few – but even carefully monitored slopes can fail at unexpected times and in unforeseen ways. In the sidebar “Focusing on Foundation Failure in Rock Slopes,” an experienced geotechnical engineer explains how failures can arise from previously unidentified causes. But, even when the underlying causes of an impending failure are known, the final outcome might be difficult to predict. For example, the April 2013 Manefay rock avalanche that took place at Rio Tinto’s Bingham Canyon copper mine in Utah involved a slope that had been intensively monitored far in advance of the event, but ultimately failed faster and in much larger magnitude than expected, resulting in what’s considered to be the largest non-volcanic – and likely the most expensive – slide in North America’s history. The outcome could have been much worse without the mine’s extensive geotechnical monitoring and analysis program, which provided sufficient lead time to prepare and evacuate the pit area before the massive slide occurred.
The unpredictable nature and wide range of variables that can trigger landslides makes slope stability a prime target for advances in technologies that can be applied to improve mine design and safety. Some of the most recent developments focus on the quantity and quality of data available to a mine’s geotechnical engineers. For example, in April IDS GeoRadar introduced its Ai.DA software monitoring tool for Hexagon’s Guardian, which the company said pioneers the introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in slope stability monitoring.
According to the company, Ai.DA provides an additional smart processing layer to radar data. Through the use of AI algorithms, it simplifies the identification of movements from possible residual noise by evaluating the consistency of the detected movement trend with typical slope instabilities behaviors and models, helping professionals to optimize processes and take better decisions.
Hexagon said Ai.DA is fully integrated with Guardian, IDS GeoRadar’s software to manage slope stability risks in both open pit mining operations and natural geo-hazards. Guardian’s processed radar data is automatically pushed to Ai.DA providing an additional smart processing layer that highlights fast-moving areas clearly on a 3D map. Ai.DA, said Hexagon, can provide simultaneous data processing of radar data originating from up to six different radars.
Guardian now assimilates data from, among other sources, Hexagon’s Mine Protect Collision Avoidance System (CAS) server. In 2020 Francesco Coppi, production manager–interferometric radars at IDS GeoRadar, told E&MJ, “It can automatically import the position of vehicles and working machineries and visualize them in real time on the radar displacement maps. Highly accurate displacement data is provided to monitoring specialists in near-real time, as it happens, and using an advanced automatic atmospheric correction algorithm to avoid any mistake.”
Although many geotechnical experts warn against blind acceptance of analysis results and impressive graphics offered by the latest technologies, there are certainly identifiable benefits that can be achieved with their assistance – one of the most significant being the immediacy of results provided by the use of drones, computer vision and AI instead of pit walks by individuals to inspect slopes and collect data. As AI platform developer Strayos points out, frequent pit analysis is simply a fact of life for large operations with abundant resources to carry out that task; for smaller mines, it may be problematic due to cost, available manpower or reluctance to adapt to a new system. In either case, says Strayos, the process is costly and, because of the time needed to collect, process and interpret the data, the results are generally outdated by the time of their completion.
However, according to Strayos, the time and labor savings, along with up-tothe- minute awareness of pit conditions, provided by drone surveillance and AI software can provide insights into pit conditions that may increase productivity, safety and compliance performance. It’s also not unusual for a new or expanding operation to have reams of mineral- deposit data available – but with a focus on resource evaluation, not on the geologic structures, stresses and ground-water conditions that a geotechnical staff needs to plan slope angles. In those situations, geotechnical engineers might have to consider natural variation and account for unknown values using statistical analysis, according to Rocscience, a Canada-based software developer, which notes that that insufficient material strength and structure data can lead to high levels of uncertainty in design. Other influential factors include safety considerations – avoidance of instability from an inadequate understanding of ground conditions; and time constraints, such as when changes in commodity prices require updates in mine design, which then necessitate geotechnical reassessment, often in short time frames.
The company offers a portfolio of software tools that allow geotechnical engineers to: • Verify results with multiple numerical programs; • Search for multiple critical failure regions across models; • Use probabilistic analysis to account for statistical variation and unknown values; and • Calibrate models with monitoring data. Its Slide3 program is a dynamic 3D Slope Stability Analysis tool that is designed to assist geotechnical engineers in assessing pit-wide stability in one model. According to the company, users now can construct slope stability models easier and faster and can choose whether to build surfaces from point cloud data or import block models from applications such as Leapfrog, Deswik, Datamine, and Vulcan. Engineers can search for multiple critical failure surfaces with the advanced Multi-Modal Optimization algorithm and leverage the integrations with the company’s Slide2, RS3, and RSData tools to compare and verify the results of an analysis.
Rocscience said it recognizes how time-consuming it can be for an engineer to manually change specific factors to ensure a model satisfies different design standards. Normally, users must specify custom factors and properties according to each design standard before running their analyses. A recent update in Slide3 allows the user select a specific design standard, and the variables will change automatically, streamlining the workflow.
Analyzing Atmospherics
In sprawling, complex environments such
as those often encountered at large mines,
atmospheric variability can hinder detection
of early-stage slope movement. As the
Australian company GroundProbe points
out, the enhanced range of the newest
slope stability radars can aggravate the
problem: In the early 2000’s, the first
GroundProbe SSR operated in small pits
or across strip mines where a maximum
radar range of about 400 m was sufficient.
Now, its SSR-Omni model covers an imaging
range of up to 5.6 km (3.4 miles).
Although the performance improvements
are significant, atmospherics have made
meaningful data capture, interpretation,
and management increasingly complex.
Groundprobe says its new Precision Atmospherics corrections algorithm significantly reduces the noise caused by turbulent atmospheric conditions, providing a clearer picture of real deformation. It’s the result of several years of rigorous development, according to the company, during which Groundprobe partnered with mines in different climatic regions as parts of an extensive validation program, including the Bingham Canyon mine.
Dustin Hicks, senior engineer–Geotechnical at Bingham Canyon, was involved in Precision Atmospherics’ development and testing since 2019, when the system was introduced there.
“GroundProbe delivered an SSR-Omni equipped with Precision Atmospherics to Bingham Canyon to demonstrate its capability in the rapidly changing atmospheric environment that our site experiences,” said Hicks. “The Precision Atmospherics algorithm effectively managed a variety of atmospheric conditions including blast and wind induced dust plumes, rain and snow, which resulted in significantly less contaminated data.
“It reduced the noise on a scan-byscan basis, which opens the door for tighter alarm configurations that would otherwise overburden the geotechnical team.” GroundProbe’s Chief Executive Officer, David Noon, said Precision Atmospherics is suitable for tracking both slow and rapid trends. “With the smoother plots and cleaner maps that Precision Atmospherics provides, customers can focus their attention on recently started or slow-moving deformation.
“This is important for gleaning the potentially significant geotechnical problems that can only be detected through long-term analysis. Both rapid and slow trends are shown in a single data set, and there is no post-processing required to detect slow movements,” said Noon.
Albert Cabrejo, global practice lead- Geotechnical at GroundProbe, said Precision Atmospherics qualifies as an important addition to stability monitoring using interferometric radars because, “It responds directly to the most important request from geotechnical engineers around the world: data quality.” Precision Atmospherics is available on GroundProbe’s 2D Real Aperture Radars fleet.
Focusing on Foundation Failure in Rock Slopes
While slope failures in open pit mines occur mainly due to kinematic
instability or shear stresses within the slope exceeding
rock mass strength, the concept of foundation failure can prove
useful in cases where ground profile anomalies occur.
This was the message from John Kwofie, principal geotechnical
engineer in SRK Consulting’s Ghana office, when he delivered
a keynote address to the Rocscience Africa Conference
2022 in Accra. Kwofie has encountered three instances over a
span of a decade where the cause of slope failure could not be
determined using well-known methods.
“The weak foundation material appeared to be over-stressed, evidenced by the heaving of the ground at the toe of the slope failure as encountered in general geotechnical shear failure,” he said. “Reassessment of the cause of instability, from the perspective of bearing capacity failure, made it easier to see why the slope would fail when conventional methods did not predict such behavior.”
One of the instances was a footwall slope failure at a zinc mine in India which occurred over a north-south strike length of about 100 m. The northern end of the collapse was bordered by a fault while the southern border appeared like a broken cantilever support, with shearing through the failed rock mass at that end. “The failure began with the appearance of cracks on the slope as mining progressed,” said Kwofie. “All efforts to determine the cause of the sudden impending multi-bench failure proved futile – until the 320-310 meter bench was being mined, and a weak zone of weathered biotite of soft clay consistency about 25 meters wide was found adjacent to the fault in fresh rock.”
The mining of the weak zone resulted in acceleration of slope movement. This ended in a tilted, failed rock mass which slumped towards the weathered biotite zone and truncated at the fault like a broken cantilever. These observations suggested that the failure was likely caused by settlement within the weathered biotite zone. “At least three meters of settlement was observed within the weathered biotite material near the fault, and significant movement occurred adjacent to the fault,” he said. “On each berm, the portion adjacent to the fault was depressed more than areas further away.”
He explained that the differential settlement caused by this zone of weathered biotite in a fresh rock material must have caused tensile stresses in the surface of the affected rock mass, resulting in cracks in the slope that led to failure. Significantly, the failure stabilized below the 310-m elevation once mining exited the weathered biotite zone. Kwofie noted that the existence of weak and compressible materials within competent rock introduces different stress behavior into slope stability. Differential settlement introduces tensile stresses into the rock mass causing cracking and dilation, which lead to failure that would not have occurred if not for the ground profile anomaly.
“The excavation of the pit itself results in a progressive loss of confining pressure in the weak compressible material underlying the slope, making it even weaker,” he explained. “Even though the stresses on a weak foundation material are unlikely to increase, the reduction in the strength of the material with mining – due to the loss of confining pressure – is analogous to increasing loading intensity.”
The decrease in confining pressure, which occurs as a result of mining, leads to differential settlement in anomalous ground profile and ultimately loss of bearing capacity, causing slope failure. The solution starts with awareness of the potential impact of foundation instability on slope stability, and incorporating this into slope stability analyses where required. Slope stability modelling that includes any inherent weakness in the existing slope foundation is more likely to simulate actual field conditions and provide a more reliable factor of safety than analysis that does not take foundation conditions into consideration. Adopting this approach would help design more stable slopes. “Slowing down the excavation rate during mining may help, as this could allow weaker foundation material to adjust to the stress relief associated with the overburden mining,” he concluded.