While dewatering is an important aspect, the thickener underflow still has to be fluid enough to flow through a pipe. The paste product has to flow with the head provided by the thickener to the suction side of a centrifugal pump. So, there are limits as to the densities that can be achieved, which is measured in terms of yield stress. “Paste thickeners create a higher underflow density than conventional thickeners,” said Fred Schoenbrunn, global sedimentation manager, FLSmidth. “The densities are not quite as high as filters, but it’s a much less expensive means to get to those levels.”

In a side-by-side comparison, capital costs for paste thickeners will be higher than an equal number of conventional thickeners. In the case of CCD, a smaller number of paste thickeners can offer a capital savings. Operating costs of paste thickeners are not significantly different from conventional thickeners. They both use similar flocculant doses. If a paste thickener can be used in place of a vacuum filter, then the operating cost would also be lower.

In a CCD circuit, a higher underflow density at each stage would allow the plant to reduce the amount of wash water or improve the recovery with the same amount of wash water. Similarly, the number of stages in a CCD circuit could be reduced while achieving the same recovery. That can have a big impact on capital and operating costs for a processing plant.

The use of paste thickeners in front of any process which is adversely affected by water can deliver significant improvements in treatment costs. Autoclave feed is a great example. “Increasing the concentration on the leach feed allows longer residence time in the leach circuit,” Schoenbrunn said.

If the geotechnical demands for mine backfill are suitable, a paste thickener could be used in place of filtration to produce a non-segregating paste for placement as cemented or non-cemented backfill, according to Liam MacNamara, regional sales director, FLSmidth. Filter performance can also be improved by increasing the solids concentration on the feed.

These deep-cone thickeners, which were recently installed in Australia, provide high solids concentrations

MacNamara defines a good paste as a non-segregating homogeneous suspension which releases little bleed water. The ability to create a good paste product is determined by the slurry’s particle size distribution. A minimum fines content is required to “bind” the paste together (commonly described as 20% less than 20 microns).

A slurry with more fines would have a broad range of paste characteristics. “A slurry with a lot of clays and fines starts to develop a yield stress at about 50% solids and it’s not really consolidated until 75%,” Schoenbrunn said. “So the plant will see a broad range of solids concentration where the material has paste characteristics.”

On the other hand, if the slurry has a lot of coarse material and not much fines, beach sand for example, the characteristics will shift from a fluid to a solid over a very short range of solids concentrations. These materials would not be good candidates for paste thickening and the plant would eventually run into control issues.

Thickener Capacities Grow
FLSmidth has designed and installed about 150 high-density deep-cone paste thickeners. “We have learned quite a bit about this technology in the past 10 years,” Schoenbrunn said. “Our design engineers have a lot more confidence about what we can do and can not do. The risk factor is a lot lower now that the concept is proven.”

FLSmidth recently constructed these deep-cone thickeners in Iran.

Some large copper mines are looking at rates of 100,000 metric tons per day (mt/d). “There were a few challenges getting to this stage, but the technology is proven and accepted,” Schoenbrunn said. “The mines no longer view paste thickening as a major risk, which is interesting because those plants are not up and running yet.” During the next couple of years as these large installations start up, Schoenbrunn believes that engineering firms will consider these large-scale technologies as routine.

At the Esperanza mine in Chile, FLSmidth is currently building thickeners that will handle full-plant tailings disposal. That system will start in about a little more than a year. The new high density thickeners at Esperanza incorporate some deepcone thickener technology. The company also has a project in Iran that consists of 12 24-m, deep-cone thickeners for full plant tailings disposal. “There have been a number of world firsts with the FLSmidth deep-cone thickener technology,” Mac- Namara said.

“Typically, high density thickeners are less expensive than deep-cone thickeners, but they don’t get to the same solids concentrations,” Schoenbrunn said. “There is the continuum of thickener technologies from high rate to high compression and high-density and deep-cone thickeners as far as what density can be achieved.

“Operationally we have found paste thickeners to be relatively simple machines to run,” Schoenbrunn said. “Because they have very high torque capability and they are designed to operate normally in a range that does cause problems for high-rate thickeners, there are fewer instances of upset conditions in a paste thickener because it handles what would otherwise be an upset condition. They also operate consistently.”

Good instrumentation and operator training are essential, MacNamara explained. “A good project will only come to fruition if the thickener supplier, customer and plant designer work together to have the best understanding of what is required and what can be delivered,” MacNamara said.

The Right Density for the Application
Depending on what underflow density the mine wants to achieve, different applications have different requirements Surface tailings disposal is relatively easy because the maximum underflow density is determined by the rheology, or the ability to transport and spread a large amount of material over a big area. High density thickeners can easily satisfy that need.

On the other hand, in the case of underground paste backfill, where a mine would be adding cement, the water content is crucial. “That application pushes the capabilities of a high-density thickener,” Schoenbrunn said. “The alternative is a thickener-filter combination where the mine would dilute back a little bit. A number of mines with paste backfill systems prefer a filter-thickener arrangement because of the higher degree of control over the paste density. A little extra water in that application ends up costing the mine a lot in terms of cement addition.”

Filtration is a complementary technology and an option for getting to higher solids concentrations. “If a mine requires higher water recovery or lower water content in the final product, then filtration can reduce water content better than a paste thickener,” Schoenbrunn said. “Sometimes that’s the way to go. It’s a lot more expensive in terms of capital, and operating and maintenance costs.”

“Where a stiff paste is required, filters still have a significant place in paste production,” MacNamara said. “Mine backfill is the predominant process using filters unless the mine geometry and required paste characteristics lend themselves to paste from a thickener.”

If a plant does not have to go to filtration, it makes a big difference in plant design. Thickeners are a much cheaper way to remove water and they are easier to operate. Using paste from high-density thickener to feed a filter can have some real benefits for filtration system operation.

Looking toward the future, Schoenbrunn believes that a lot of plants will be taking advantage of the benefits of these technologies for surface tailings disposal, CCD circuits, leach feed, etc. The reasons are readily apparent; it’s a well-proven technology with clear benefits and plant designers will be taking advantage of these technologies to make more efficient plants, and to lower capital costs.